Obtain Bohr's quantization condition on the basis of the web nature of an electron.

If an electron moves in a circular orbit of radius R around A nucleus then the circular orbit can be taken to a stationary energy state only, when it contains an integral multiple of de Broglie wavelength,I.e.

          nλ=2πr

         =>n   h/mv=2πr

         =>mvr=hλ/2π

Describe in brief the working of photo-cell.

When high frequency liteforce on the ammeter, photoelectrons are emitted. These are drawn to the collector and a photoelectric current flows in the circuit. The current is proportional to the intensity of incident light.

Define genetic material.

DNA is the genetic material. RNA has been found to be genetic material in TMV,   Φβ bacteriophage etc. DNA is made of a series of nucleotides which in turn form a large number of genes. genes are the bearer of hereditary characters reached chromosome is made up of highly coiled DNA.

Discuss the structure of nucleosome.

Histones are positively charged  which organised to fall a unit of 8 molecular call histone octamer. Negatively charged DNA wrap twice over the octamer forming a structure called nucleosome.

Give the definition of nucleosome.

Nucleosome is a structure formed by wrapping of histone octamer by negatively charged DNA.

What is euchromatin?

Chromatin of nucleus which stain positively with the DNA specific stain indicating the concentration of DNA is called euchromatin.

Define chromatin.

DNA and histone protein together is called chromatin.

What is bacteriophage?

The virus which kills bacteria.

What is Exon?

DNA codes for  mRNA, Bharosa Toda but complete sequence of DNA is not found in mRNA. The sequences of DNA found in mRNA are known as Exon.

what is intron?

In some viruses, the DNA sequence coding for polypeptide denot remain continuously but a split into several pieces. This spit genes are called intron.

What is an Inducer in Lac Operon?

All the genes present on a chromosome are not expressed simultaneously.the cell permits the expression of few genes at the time does maintaining its economy. InduSable genes are the genes which remain inactive or replaced Universal and can be activated when a certain Substrate is to be metabolised. The phenomenon of action of these genes is called induction and metabolic is called induser.
       A  lac Operon is defined as several genes operating in random, all controlled via common on structural gene having Repressor, promoter and operator. all these genes are essential for metabolism of lactose. Only presence of electrons can switches on the Operon for synthesis of enzyme inside the cell & hence it is termed as inducer Lac Operon.

Define autoradiography?

The mechanism of production of an auto diagram exposing photographic film radioactive substance in close proximity to the film

What is Central dogma?

The process of protein synthesis in birds one of the central dogma of Molecular Biology. According to this, genetic information source from nucleic acid to protein, the flow of information takes place from DNA to RNA and from RNA to protein


         DNA––––>RNA––––>Protein

State and explain Faraday's law of electrolysis.

Faraday's Law of electrolysis are:

Faraday's first law:

The amount of chemical reaction which occurs at any electrode during electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through it.

       Is w gram of substance is produced on passing through amount of electricity for the electrolyte, then

                        W∞Q

or                    W=ZQ

                        

                        Here Z is a constant and is called electrochemical equivalent.

(b) Faraday's second law:

The amount of different substances liberated by the same quantity of electricity passing through the electrolytic solutions are proportional to their chemical equivalent weights.

       Consider three voltmeters containing solutions of copper sulphate; silver nitrate in acidulated water. Let this voltmeters are connected in series and the same amount of current is passed through them for a given time. If Q is the change passed through these electrolytes, then according to Faraday's first law of electrolysis.

       

                W   =Z       Q (i)

                   Ag    Ag

                W    =Z       Q (ii)

                   Cu     Cu

               W   =Z      Q (iii)

                  H     H

               Taking the ratio of (i),(ii),(iii)

W   =Z     =>W   =Z   ×96500=E

  Ag   Ag.       Ag.   Ag               Ag

W  =Z    =>W  =Z   ×96500=E

  Cu   Cu      Cu   Cu                Cu

W =Z  =>W =Z ×96500=E

  H    H      H    H              H

Where, w=mass of substance deposited or liberated

Z= electrochemical equivalent of substance

QE= equivalent mass of substances.

What is battery?

Beta is a Galvanic cell where the chemical energy of the Redox reaction converted into electrical energy. It should be compact and portable.

How are solids Classified on the basis of their electrical conductivity?

On the basis of electrical conductivity, solids can be classified into three types:(1). Conductors,(2).insulaters,(3) semiconductors.

(1) conductors: the solids which allow the passage of electric current are called conductors. They've conductivities in the range 10⁴ to 10⁷ Ω⁻¹m⁻¹

(2) insulators: the solids which do not allow the passage of electric current through them are called insulators. They have very very low conductivities range from 10⁻²⁰ to 10⁻¹⁰ Ω⁻¹m⁻¹.Eg. wood ,sulphur, rubber etc.

(3) semi-conductors: the solids whose conductivity is between this of typical metallic conductors and insulators and semi-conductors.  The semiconductors have conductivity in the range of 10⁻⁶ to 10⁴ Ω⁻¹m⁻¹

Apply Li chatelier's principle to show the effect of temperature on solubility of solid in liquid

According to Le chatelier's principle when the dissolution process is exothermic the solubility decreases with increase in temperature and in case of endothermic process increase of temperature will favour The dissolution.

State Henry's law.

Henry's law states that the mass of gas dissolved per unit volume of the solvent at a constant temperature is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the solution,then


              m∞p
   
 or             m=k.p.

Here is the proportionality constant.

Write down Einstein's equation of photo electricity and show that electrons are emitted only when υ≥υ₀,

Kmax=hυ-hυ₀

1.when υ>V₀     Kmax=+vr

2.when υ=υ₀      Κmax=0

3.whenυ<υ₀      Κmax=-ve,

no. 3 is impossible.
Thus photoelectrons emitted when υ≥υ₀.

Name the vitamin whose deficiency causes rickets.

Vitamin D.

Which type of Bond are present in protein molecule?

                             N
                             |
Peptide(—CO—H—) bonds are present in a protein molecule.

Name one aldopentose, one aldohexose, and one ketohexose.

Aldopentose=ribose
Aldohexose=glucose
Kitohexose=fructose

What functional group is present in monosaccharides?

Monosaccharides contain aldehyde or Ketone group.

What is biomolecules

The biomolecules are the complex lifeless organic substances which buildup living organisms and are required for the growth and maintenance

Find an expression for electric field at any position on the axial line of an electric dipole.

Did: axial line of an electric dipole

Let us consider a dipole having charges  +q & -q and separation 2a let P be a point at a distance r from the centre of the dipole O. Electric field at P due to charge + Q is

E₁=1/4π∈₀   q/(r-a)²   along AP

Due to charge -q is

E₂=1/4π∈₀   q/(r+a)²   along PB

Hens resultant field

E=E₁+E₂=q/4π∈₀  {1/(r-a)²-1/(r+a)²}

=4aqr/4π∈₀(r²-a²)²

=2P/4π∈₀r³               (r>>a)

State Ohm's law of current electricity

At constant temperature the potential difference between two ends of a conductor is directly proportional to the current through the conductor.

State kirchoff's Voltage law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of all the products of current and resistances in a closed circuit is equal to the total EMF of the circuit.

State kirchoff's current law (KCL)

The algebric sum of all currents meeting at a point is zero.

Apply gauss's theorem to calculate the electric field due to an infinite plane sheet of charge

Let us consider a surface having charge density σ, area A, and charge Q. To calculate electric field at a distance r from the surface at a point p we consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface having length R and area of end surface A. Hence flux

         φ=EA+EA=2EA---------(1)
againφ=Q/∈₀=σA/∈₀---------(2)
from (1) & (2)
          2EA=σA/∈₀
        ⇒E=σ/2∈₀

Find the amount of work done in rotating an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field.

Diagram for this derivation

We know, Ted Talk acting on a dipole in a uniform electric field is

ς=PEsinθ

                                                       Where,P= dipole moment of the dipole. It tries to rotate the dipole.

Let the small amount of work done in rotating the dipole through a small angle θ against the torque is,

dw=ςdθ=PEsinθdθ

Therefore, total work done in rotating the dipole from θ₁ to θ₂ is,             

      θ₁

         W=∫dw=∫PEsinθdθ

  θ₂

=-PE(WSθ₂-COSθ₁)

           

What is meant by electrostatic induction

The temporary electrification of a conductor when a charged body is lerought near to it is called electrostatic induction

State Coulomb's law of electrostatics

columb's law of electrostatics

The force of attraction or repulsion between two charges proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

Distinguish between conductor and insulator

Current can pass through a conductor and that cannot pass through insulator.

What do you mean by conservation of charge

It means charge can neither be created nor be destroyed.

What do you mean by quantization of charge

 The fact that all observable charges are always integral multiple of elementary charge (e= 1.6× 10 to the power -19) is known as quantization of charge

Discuss briefly the experiment of Miller

Discuss briefly the experiment of Miller

A number of theories put forwarded by under of scientists to demonstrate the process of evolution of life. Out of stanly  Miller and Harold urey is 1953 demonstrated an experiment to establish the chemical origin of life.

      They tried to create an atmosphere in the laboratory which might have been existed in the primitive Earth. High intenslty electric sparks were passed through mixture of water, vapours, Methane, Ammonia and hydrogen gases which are taught to have  constituted the primitive atmosphere. As a result various organic compounds formed including the amino acids. The mixture was allowed to stand for several weeks. The solution was then chromatographed. Mill could detect several organic compounds including both carbohydrates and amino acids like glycine and alanine etc. In the mixture. Phone 1955, Palim and Kelvin 1962 and  many other also successful in synthesizing the organic compounds in the laboratory following mill from the similar elements which probably constituted the primitive atmosphere.                                                        

Discuss the modern synthetic theory

The basic concept of modern synthetic theory is based on Dobzhansky's (1937) book genetic and origin of species. The name modern synthetic theory term was given by Julian huxley is 1942. Many scientists consider neo-darwinism as the modern synthetic theory of evolution.
         According to those scientist there are different factors which influence the process of organic evolution.
     1. Basic factor
     2. Gene mutation
     3. Change in chromosome structure and number
     4. Genetic recombination
     5. Natural selection
     6. Reproductive isolation
     7. Accessory factors
     8. Gene migration
     9. Hybridization
     10. Genetic drift.
     Out of all the five basic factors, the first three factors are necessary to develop genetic variations while last two provides the direction to the process of organic evolution.

'Pollination is an important phenomenon in the life cycle of a flowering plant.' discuss the statement and describe briefly about the role of different Agencies responsible for the events.

Without pollination fertilization cannot takes place. And without fertilization fruits and seeds are not formed. Therefore pollination is essential for not as production of fruits and seeds but also for continuity of species through sexual reproduction essentially a part of sexual reproduction in plants.
        Pollination is the only method without which sexual reproduction cannot take place. Pollen grains donate male gametes. The union of male and female gametes restore diploid chromosome number in a species. There is essential for continuity of the species. Pollen grains reach the stigma by various methods revised suitably by each species.
       Plants evolved various mechanisms for carrying but pollination. Morphology of the flowers have been adapted according to the nature and morphdrogy of the pollinating agents.
      Nature favours cross pollination and their flowers adapt themselves in various ways so that various natural agents of pollination,

The natural agents involved in pollinations are:

1.insect:

Pollination done by insects is called entomophily and the insect pollinated flower is called entomophilous flowers. The insect loving flowers of various adaptation by which the attract insects and use them as can be lots of pollen grains for pollination for insect pollination flowers must be.

     A.conspicuousness:

When flowers are small they aggregate into inflorescence to become conscious which then can attract insects.

     B.coloured:

Coloured and large showy flowers have great attraction for butterflies bees and other types of insects.

       C.have necter:

Nectar has special attraction for bees. Many types of flowers are equipped with nectar glands which secrete nectar at the base of Corolla.

     D.scented:

Nocturnal flowers generally failssweet scent and which attracts insects at hight when colour fails to attract them.

     E. Have sticky pollen grains:

The pollen grains of entomophilous flowers are generally either sticky or a provided with spines so that the pollen grains can easily stick to the body of the insect and then carried by them easily.

2.isned:

Pollination is brought about by the wind in flowers which are small & inconspicious. They are not coloured or showy. Such flowers do not produce any scent or nectar.

3water:

Pollen grains of aquatic plants may be carried by water current and may get in touch with the stigma at the surface of water. All aquatic plants are not hydrophilus. Hydrophily is but the rule in submerged plants. The submerged plants generally lift their female flower to the surface of water for pollination.

4.animals:

Pollination may be brought about by various animals. 14 mission is done by bats it is called chiropterophily. Bombax,Bouhinia etc. Plants pollinated by bats. pollination in plants like erythrina, Bombax, bignonia etc.are Brought about by Birds, squirrels etc. Pollination by birds is called ornithophily. Pollination in Aroids are caused by snails. Such pollination is generally called malacophily.

What is polymerase chain reaction and how can it be utilised for gym amplification

PCRPCR:

    The polymerase chain reaction multiplies copies of DNA or its segments in vitro using two sets of primers which are small chemically synthesized oligonucleotides complementary to the regions of DNA and an enzyme called DNA polymerase. The enzyme polymerase extend the primers is nucleotides provided in the reaction and the DNA Part provided as template. The process of replication can be repeated and a billion copies of the DNA can be multiplied. Thus a small fraction of DNA can be multiplied for study and used in genetic engineering.

PCR can it be utilised to gene amplification:

    The following procedure is applied for obtain multiple copies of DNA:

     At the start of PCR, the DNA from which a segment is to be amplified,an excess of the two primer molecules, the four deoxyriboside triphosphates and the DNA polymerase mixed together in the reaction mixture. The following operations and now performed as sequentially.

     Step1:

The reaction mixture is heated to a temperature that assures DNA denaturation.

      Step2: 

 The mixture is now cooled to a temperature that permits annealing of the primer to the complementary sequence in the DNA; this sequences are located at the 3 ends of the two strands of the desired segment. This step is called annealing.

     Step3:

The temperatures now so adjusted that the DNA polymerase synthesizes the complementary strands by utilising 3'-OH of the primers; this reaction is the same as that occurs in vivo during replication of the leading strands of the DNA duplex. The primers are extended towards each other so that the DNA segment lying between the two Primers is copied

     The completion of step 3 completes the first cycle of amplification each cycle may take few minutes.

     Step4:

The next cycle amplification is separated the newly synthesized DNA strand from the all DNA strands.

     Step5:

Annealing allows the primers to base pair with both the new and did strands, the total number of strands being twice their original number.

     Step6:

Synthesis of new Strands takes place, which Doubles the number of copies of the desired DNA segment present at the end of step 1, this completes the second cycle.

       Thus at each cycle, both new and old strands anneal to the Primers and serve as templates for DNA synthesis.  As a Result at the end of each cycle, the number of copies of the desired segment becomes twice the number of present at the end of the previous cycle. Thus at the end of N cycles 2N copies of the segment are expected; the real values are quite close to this expectation. The cycle may be repeated.

     

How are biofertilizers different from fertilizer such as NPK sold in the market

Biofertilizers are live or latent microbes which on inocculation increase their number in soil or in roots and carry out nutrition enhancement either by fixing atmospheric nitrogen or by dissolving phosphate aur bhai security micronutrients etc. Their  number gradually increase in soil  and continue to help them maintain fertility of the soil..NPK on the other hand is a chemical mixture of chemical fertilizers. It serves only limited purpose of supplying a particular type of Nutrition & and for a specific duration and purpose. It's not multi purpose in nature. Its discourage growth and development of indigenous microflora. Excessive use of it destroy the natural biological properties of soil.

Example of bio fertilizerfertilizer:

    Rhizobium:

    Rhizobium is a symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria live in Association with the roots of legumes. Cultivations of legume therefore increase nitrogen content of the soil. Its practice to cultivate legumes as intercrop between major crops. Its there for a kind of bio Fertilizer and can be inoculated artificially while cropping legumes.

What are biogas?

Biogas:

   The gas produced by Methane bacteria by decomposing organic waste is called biogas

Biogas composition:

    The gas mainly composed of Methane. other gases look carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur are also present in minute quantities.

Biogas preferred to other conventional energy fuels:

    Biogas is preferred to other fuels because it is renewable, less costly and easy to produce. The technology simple and finally the end product of the composition can be used as manure. We have huge potential of producing biogas as we waste a huge quantity of organic waste and sewage which can be used profitably for biogas production. Moreover it is suitable for farmers and villagers because the raw materials needed for the production of biogas is plenty. Conventional energy is costly and nonrenewable in the sense that it uses exhaustible natural resources.

Are microbes can be used as source of energy? If yes why?

Methane gas is inflammable and can be used as well for various purpose. Methane is obtained from decomposing organic matter, sewage and from reserve under the earth. Mithanomonous bacteria used from biogas production from decomposition of organic waste. Ethanol is another kind of fuel which can be obtained from fermentation of carbohydrate by yeast and some specific microbes. its popularly called biofuel

What do you mean by organic farming?

Organic farming is a agricultural system that seeks to provide the consumer, with fresh, test and automatic food while respecting natural life cycle systems. In this type of farming no unnatural substances like chemical fertilizers, chemical pesticides, chemical herbicides are used.
       To achieve this organic farming release on a number of objectives and principles, as well as common practices design to minimise the human impact on the environment, while ensuring the agricultural system operates as naturally as possible.

      Typical organic farming practices includeinclude:

      A. Wide crop rotation as a prerequisite for an efficient use of onsite resources.

     B. Very strict limits on chemical synthetic pesticides and synthetic fertilizers use, livestock,  antibiotics, food additives and processing AIDS and other inputs.

      C. Absolute prohibition of the use of genetically modified organisms.

      D. Taking advantage of onsite resources, such as live stock manual for fertilizers of heat produced on the farm.

     E. Choosing plant and animal species that are resistant to disease and adapted to local conditions.

    F. Raising livestock in free range, open-air systems and providing them with organic food.

    G. Using animal husbandry practices appropriate to different livestock species.

         Organic farming sustainable use of resources do not pollute the soil and environment and ancient supply of healthy food and their food it is suggested that farmers should switch over to organic farming.

Expand the name of enzyme ADA. Why is the enzyme essential for human body? Suggest a gene therapy for its deficiency.

ADA enzyme:

Ada means adenosine deaminase

Ada enzyme is essential in the human body:

The enzyme is synthesis only when the gene responsible for coding the enzyme present in the cell of the body. If the gene is not present in the body the same may be implanted in the body by genetic engineering. This is a kind of gene therapy. For this purpose the some lymphocyte cells of the diseased persons is taken out to multiply such cells artificially. After that the gene responsible for coding Ada is inserted into the lymphocyte cells and the lymphocyte cells carrying the implanted gene are inserted into the body of the diseased person. If this can be done in the embryonic stage then the body remain protected whole life.

What is cry protein?

Cry protein:

Cry protein means crystal protein.

Cry protein producer:

There are many types of it a bacterium called bacillus thuringiensis produces it.

Cry protein benefits:

A gene named cry gene is responsible for its production of a toxic substance which kills a wide  variety of insects. Throw genetic engineering this cry gene is inserted in the plant body which in turn develops ability to defend itself from the attack of the pest. A good number of crops have been developed having this property. BT cotton, BT corn, BT brinjal are some such crops. Such crops need not be protected with the help of pesticides.

Plasmid is a boon of biotechnology. Justify this statement.

Plasmid is a boon of biotechnology:

Plasmid are small circular DNA found in bacteria. These are used as vector in transporting gene inside bacteria with the purpose to create Recombinant DNA inside the bacteria. For this purpose the plasmid is down out,a part of the plasmid DNA is removed by endonuclease and in that part  another part of Desired DNA part collected from another organism is inserted using ligase. This plasmid is then allowed to enter the bacterial cell and carry out recombination process. Plasmid therefore plays a vital role in DNA recombination Technology without which it would have been impossible to carry out genetic engineering. It's therefore an important tool in genetic engineering.

Do Eukaryotic cells have restriction endonuclease? Justify your answer

Do eukaryotics cells have restriction endonuclease:

 Restriction enzymes are a class of enzymes called endonucleases. Endonucleases able to cut in the middle of the DNA backbone or the phosphodisaster bonds.a different class of enzymes called exonucleus is cut the DNA backbone, but only from the ends- ida from the 3' end or the 5' end. Most restriction endonucleases are prokaryotic in origin. However, there are several found in Eukaryotic cells, including our own. In eukaryotes there are not referred to as restriction enzymes, just endonucleases. An example of an exonucleus in eukaryotes is Apn 1, isolated from yeast. This enzyme helps prevent DNA damage from environmental agents.

Write note on barrier method of birth control

(a) condom:

this are rubber or latex sheaths which are put on penis before copulation. It's commonly called as 'nirodh'. It prevents the deposition of sperms in the vagina and also prevent the spread of stds and AIDS.

       Female condom is also introduced in India which was used in USA, Brazil, South America, etc. earlier

(B) cervical cap:

this are made by Rubber and are field in vagina to check the entry of sperm of which are reusable.

(C) intrauterine device:

these are copper-t and loops which are filled in the uterus and prevent of fertilization of the egg.

Person & number in English grammer

'Incompatibility is as natural barrier in the fusion of gametes' justify the statement.

Incompatibility many occur due to many reason. sometime the microgamate and sometime the microgamate may be incompatible to each other or one or may be sterile. some time to prevent self pollination flowers adopt some contrivances so that only cross pollination takes place. This contrivances are actually natural barrier which prevents self pollination. Thus the plant create self incompatibility. The natural berries one of various types such as  unisexualities self stability Dichogany,hetecosty,ferkogany etc. Of these  unisexuality is the best adaptation of incompatibility. Because of incompatibility, cross pollination occurs in most bisexual flowers. This leads to exchange of genetic quality. Which causes improvement in the genetic quality of plants and leads to father evolution.

Find an e.find expression for torque on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field

What is dielectric constant of a medium

The ratio of permittivity of a medium to the permittivity of free space is called dielectric constant

what is an electric dipole

A system of two equal and opposite charges separated by a distance is called electric dipole

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